Endangered Species Act listings not based on science; Alaska opposition justified

By Matthew A. Cronin
Spectrum
Published on Saturday, February 14, 2009 10:53 PM AKST

Gov. Sarah Palin and the Legislature were criticized for opposing the Endangered Species Act (ESA) listings of beluga whales in Cook Inlet and polar bears. In these articles, ESA advocates imply the listings are based on definitive science. They are not. Mike Nizich and Gov. Palin have capably justified the state’s positions.

Animals considered under ESA are not necessarily endangered with extinction. Polar bears were listed even though worldwide numbers have increased over the last 40 years and most populations have not declined. Of the 19 populations identified in the ESA documents, five were declining, two were increasing, five were stable, and seven were unknown. Polar bears were considered endangered because of global warming and summer sea ice models. Whether polar bears are endangered at this time depends on one’s view of the model predictions. Models were also used for the belugas so it’s also not definite they are endangered with extinction. Numbers of whales declined from 653 in 1994 to 375 in 2008, but have increased over the last six years. Model results are predictions, not facts, and should be considered hypotheses to be tested with new information.

Some ESA species are not even species because the ESA can consider species, subspecies or distinct population segments (DPS). Subspecies and DPS are not rigorously defined, so almost any fish and wildlife population can qualify for the ESA. Subspecies and DPS are simply fish and wildlife populations with distinguishing characteristics in a geographic area. Examples of these categories include entire species (polar bears), subspecies (Pacific walrus), and populations (belugas in Cook Inlet).

Populations of belugas, sea otters and sea lions in Alaska were declared genetically distinct to support DPS designations. However, “genetically distinct” must be scientifically defined. For example, every person (except identical twins) is genetically distinct from every other. That’s why DNA testing works. At the other extreme, species are genetically distinct. For example, there are definite genetic differences between caribou and moose. Populations of one species are somewhere in between individuals and species. The beluga, sea lion and sea otter DPS do not have absolute genetic differences, but have limited interbreeding with other populations. Because of the indefinite nature of subspecies and DPS the potential for more to be considered under the ESA is almost limitless.

Managing wildlife requires identifying objectives that must be balanced in multiple-use management. Maintaining belugas in Cook Inlet is one objective, but so are commercial, subsistence and sport fishing; oil, gas and mineral production; marine and air traffic; and forestry. Because ESA listings are not definitive and can negatively impact citizens and economics, the governor’s opposition is legitimate and I believe reflects her concern for multiple-use management and her responsibility to provide input from the state of Alaska.

Finally, scientists who don’t support ESA listings have been accused of non-objectivity and bogus science in the Anchorage Daily News (5/9/08, 1/15/09). This is reminiscent of what was known as Lysenkoism in the Soviet Union, in which science was dictated by government policy and dissension was not allowed. Because ESA species designations are not scientifically definitive, debate and discussion should be welcomed, not prevented. 

Matthew A. Cronin has a Ph.D. and works for the University of Alaska School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences at the Palmer Research Center.

Comments

56 comment(s)

    jp wrote on Mar 3, 2009 12:57 PM:

    " there was a man a couple of years ago that was going to "walk across ANWR" in the summertime, in opposition to oil companies.
    This man started his journey from Dalton highway at Deadhorse, then was never heard from again in public forums.
    no, the oil companies didn't try to knock him off, he just flat gave up and admitted (privately) that it was a god forsaken helI hole, that nothing good could possibly live in.
    But you people never got to read about this man, because his story was no longer newsworthy "

    Birchwood B wrote on Mar 3, 2009 12:02 PM:

    " to JP wrote;
    " Most lovely places with lakes and other water sources will have viscious mosquitoes. Nothing new or unusual about that. Take garlic pills. "
    Nothing 'lovely' about ANWR wastelands. The water sources are pools of stagnant water that can't absorb into the frozen tundra. I would assume maxkatt and jp are talking about one of the other, beautiful parts of our state. Hard to get away from the mosquitos up here, though. "

    enb wrote on Mar 3, 2009 10:36 AM:

    " say WHAT - Reposted by enb
    " 'save ANWR'? OMG...this is what I'm talking about right here.
    1.) The proposed drilling site in ANWR is akin to placing a postage stamp on a football field
    2.) Contrary to environmentalist lies, the drilling sites are kept extraordinarily clean minimum impact; when they leave you can't tell they were there! (They build them that way on purpose!)
    3.) The proposed sites are NOT in beautiful, waterfall and silver lake land like the pictures they show...they are in the middle of barren flatland that is not 'teeming with life'!
    Get educated! "

    to JP wrote on Mar 2, 2009 8:09 PM:

    " Most lovely places with lakes and other water sources will have viscious mosquitoes. Nothing new or unusual about that. Take garlic pills. "

    MAXKATT from NY wrote on Mar 2, 2009 6:33 AM:

    " JP...Escaping the world to hide out deep in the woods living off the land is appealing to me, but I don't think I could handle the winters there. I saw what happened to Chris McCandless up there. :-) I've considered doing it around here though. I know some spots.

    By the way...have you misplaced some snow? There's quite a bit of it laying around on the ground here. After a short pause, more is falling now. Let me know, we'll be happy to send it back. "

    jp wrote on Mar 1, 2009 4:00 PM:

    " i invite any of you "save ANWR" people to a one month long ANWR vacation, in the pristine wastelands of the mosquito ridden majesty. Remember, you cannot have any bug spray, as it is a pristine environment, nor can you have a campfire, you have to pack out what you pack in, and you cannot leave any trace!

    oh wait! the mosqitos will only leave enough for the rodents to scavenge off of. I've heard of the mosquitos taking down caribou up there.
    Hey Maxx, you could find some nice sheds up there, hahaha "

    Typical Lower 48 Moron wrote on Feb 28, 2009 9:05 PM:

    " I've never been to Alaska. I've never been to ANWR. But I see the pictures of pristine lakes and waterfalls. Of bears, caribou and other wildlife in vast numbers that live in the beautiful ANWR. I see pictures of garbage and pollution. Now, I've never verified where these pictures were taken, but I take environmentalist's word for it that they're from the ANWR area and from drilling sites. Why? Because I'm as gullible as I am dumb and it hurst to think for myself! Now (er, duhhh..) I'm off to get my next dose of idiocy from Al Gore... "

    To Old Hippy wrote on Feb 28, 2009 1:10 PM:

    " Yes, please do save ANWR from ignorant people like Old Hippy (toke toke) and governor Winky. Also you betcha. "

    old hippy wrote on Feb 27, 2009 10:09 PM:

    " Oh yeah, man, for sure protect ANWR (toke, toke). Like, all those animals living in that beautiful wilderness my environmentalist buddies showed me pictures of (toke, toke). And they told me about how the whole land will be laid to waste with oil all over the ground and garbage thrown in the rivers (toke, toke). I've never been there and I'm usually too baked to read anything for myself, but it just sounds like something good to be against (toke, toke). Now if you'll excuse me, I'm gonna go find an abandoned bus to live in.... "

    To ANWR wrote on Feb 27, 2009 2:27 PM:

    " I agree; please preserve ANWR and Alaska wildlife from the ultimate predator, humans. That's the predator we need to control. God has a handle on the rest of it. "

    Spankles to say what wrote on Feb 27, 2009 12:30 PM:

    " Thanks for setting the ill informed strait. ANWR is the best place in Alaska to drill. The tree huggers want lower 48 people to think it is like the Bambi cartoon. It is a waste land. I hate when people try to fool other people. "

    say WHAT wrote on Feb 26, 2009 9:46 PM:

    " 'save ANWR'? OMG...this is what I'm talking about right here.
    1.) The proposed drilling site in ANWR is akin to placing a postage stamp on a football field
    2.) Contrary to environmentalist lies, the drilling sites are kept extraordinarily clean minimum impact; when they leave you can't tell they were there! (They build them that way on purpose!)
    3.) The proposed sites are NOT in beautiful, waterfall and silver lake land like the pictures they show...they are in the middle of barren flatland that is not 'teeming with life'!
    Get educated! Don't let envir-liars spoon feed you thier malarky! "

    Save ANWR wrote on Feb 26, 2009 8:18 PM:

    " Save ANWR so my children can see wildlife other than in a zoo or tied onto the hood of some redneck's Jeep. "

    MAXKATT from NY wrote on Feb 26, 2009 12:37 PM:

    " Alright Jed. Don't be so cranky.
    Go strangle a beaver or something to cheer yourself up.

    Jp...Aren't we square yet? How many casino's do you guys need? :-) Just kidding. You guys did get ripped. Once the white man came en masse it was over. No way could the two systems be compatable. You guys rail against the libs, but if the Dutch had stayed on it might have worked out. They were super lib. I'm convinced it's why NYC is so mixed/lib to this day. "

    DJ wrote on Feb 25, 2009 3:22 PM:

    " To jp and Uncle Jed;
    I'm not native American, nor am I married to one (I am married to an ethic minority, however). But I do sympathize with the hypocrisy in this nation regarding the concern over some ethic groups while disregarding the people that this land rightfully belonged to. Whenever I see or hear a group complaining about what a raw deal they got, I ask them if they've talked to a native American lately. In my opinion, they CONTINUTE to get a shafted even in these so-called 'modern times'. "

    jp wrote on Feb 25, 2009 11:34 AM:

    " yes uncle jed, i am.

    Natives Unite! let's take our land back.

    the U.S. bought it from somebody who didn't own it! Russia!
    It wasn't theirs to sell!
    Let's start charging them rent! "

    Uncle Jed wrote on Feb 24, 2009 7:12 PM:

    " You are a true Alaskan, jp. Are you native? My wife and kids are. You are a wise man. "

    Spankles wrote on Feb 24, 2009 6:59 PM:

    " It's people like jp and Uncle Jed that make this country great. Everyone else just tries be politically correct. Palin is proud of you both. People before animals! Kill the wolves so we can eat! They would do it to us. "

    Laurie wrote on Feb 24, 2009 1:24 PM:

    " So it appears that the ESA's listings are a product of junk science. Nice to know that Gov. Palin was right. Now, to put this information into the mainstream media..... "

    jp wrote on Feb 24, 2009 12:12 PM:

    " Beluga tastes great, kind of like a cross between a spotted owl, and a bald eagle, with a dash of baby harp seal thrown in !

    i feed it to my wolves too. "

    hot n humid wrote on Feb 23, 2009 6:16 PM:

    " Uncle Jed, you're pathetic. "

    Uncle Jed to MAXKATT wrote on Feb 23, 2009 3:42 PM:

    " It's Uncle Jed to you, not Jed-baby! Show some respect, you East Coast hippie-tree hugger. Leave us alone. We're not like you people. "

    Ben C wrote on Feb 23, 2009 1:20 PM:

    " I'm confused. Since when does care for the environment and people's rights make somebody sick or a subject of scorn? It just gets silly when, like anything, it gets taken to such extremes that it becomes self-defeating. But to be viewed as something negative? I don't get it. "

    hot n humid wrote on Feb 23, 2009 12:34 PM:

    " MAXKATT you are not alone. There're plenty of folks who share your sensitivity to the natural world around us, including here in Alaska believe it or not. For the first time in a long time (at least the past 8 yrs.) i'm hopeful. Keep the faith. "

    MAXKATT from NY wrote on Feb 23, 2009 11:15 AM:

    " Jed baby, why would those things make you sick? That's all good stuff. So yes, I do feel good about myself for caring about animals, plants and people that need it.

    To whoever supported me there...thank you! "

    Endeavor wrote on Feb 23, 2009 10:00 AM:

    " When Palin sells military secrets to the Chinese in exchange for campaign money, has a hubby in the oval office pardon murdering terrorists (Puerto Rican separatists), drug-dealing buddies and fugitives, steals FBI files, lies under oath etc etc like the Clintions...get back to me and we'll talk about 'hypocrisy'. Until then....that's just laughable! "

    To Maxxkatt wrote on Feb 22, 2009 9:08 PM:

    " I thank God for people like you. God made us stewards over the earth. He didn't put us here to rape and pillage the environment. You're absolutely right; the balance of nature is critical to preserve. "

    Uncle Jed to MAXKATT wrote on Feb 22, 2009 3:47 PM:

    " You are so sensitive. Do you fell good about yourself, voting for Obama, Caring about the birds and bats, looking out for minorities. You make me sick. "

    To Endeavor wrote on Feb 21, 2009 9:52 PM:

    " Endeavor said, "But classic Clinton is to re-label what the rest of us call 'facts' as 'attacks'. When everybody was ticked at Bill for lying under oath, it wasn't remorse or apology we got...it was outrage at those 'attacking' him. " You mean like Palin does? Do you know what the word hypocrite means? "

    MAXKATT from NY wrote on Feb 21, 2009 5:52 PM:

    " UncJed- I'm sensative to the balance. As much as I'm an environmentalist, I'm concerned about the hypocrisy of the US railing against slash & burn in S. American, etc. after fully tapping our resournces and developing ourselves. It's all about trying to find the smartest balance. When any species pop drops to critical level, I get less concerned about right to develop and more concerned for saving the unique DNA. ...and while I like wind power, I've got that on watch as well. I've read bat things about bird/bat colisions. "

    Endeavor wrote on Feb 21, 2009 9:42 AM:

    " to the 'To Endeavor' blogger... No, I don't know it. I know that attacking your opponent runs rampant throughout all political parties. But classic Clinton is to re-label what the rest of us call 'facts' as 'attacks'. When everybody was ticked at Bill for lying under oath, it wasn't remorse or apology we got...it was outrage at those 'attacking' him. Even now, with economists saying that previous administrations sharing the blame, he gets mad at the 'attack'. Hillary gets caught lying, and she gets angry at 'being attacked'. Typical self-centered, egotistical Clinton politics. "

    hot n humid wrote on Feb 20, 2009 8:34 PM:

    " Frostheave, you are correct about some of our glaciers which are actually expanding. Paradoxically though, they are growing because of Global warming just as the majority of Alaska's glaciers are predictably shrinking. Research has shown it is snowing now in high elevations where before the onset of higher temperatures it was too cold to snow. This has led to an accumulation of snow at much higher elevations where there was little before, feeding some glaciers and making a few of them advance. Most glaciologists attribute this to global warming. "

    Nate H. wrote on Feb 19, 2009 4:38 PM:

    " As a former Valley resident, now living in California, I must agree with most of the current Alaskans posting here. I'd never vote for Palin, and I love the environment with both tree-hugging arms, but I've noticed that outsiders find it all too easy to make blanket statements about what Alaska should or should not do regarding environmental issues. I agree - the good doctor should back up his statements with specific facts; still, the average Alaskan resident knows a good deal more about the complex balance between environment and economy in their own state than any outsider ever will. "

    Ben C wrote on Feb 19, 2009 3:27 PM:

    " All those pictures that environmentalists use to show the unspoiled beauty of the ANWR region in order to sway you against drilling there? The pictures of beautiful rivers, waterfalls, etc.? Yes, they're in the region...but they're taken hundreds of miles away in a totally different climate region. The actual potential drill sites are flat and barren. Little wildlife lives there. The pictures of those poor, lonely bears in the ANWR region? Oops...another lie. Those pictures were taken in a different area and demonstrates nothing. But I guess if you live in New York, you might not know that. "

    To Endeavor wrote on Feb 19, 2009 2:38 PM:

    " I heartily disagree. That is the tactic of all political parties. It is not special to liberals and you know it. It is known as playground behavior. "

    Frostheave wrote on Feb 19, 2009 2:38 PM:

    " I constantly see Alaskan glaciers in articles or on TV being used as evidence for global warming. They show how our glaciers are shrinking. And they're right. The only problem is that of all the glaciers in Alaska, less than 20% are studied. And of those 20%, HALF are shrinking and HALF are growing! So do we Alaskans keep a wary eye on environmentalist claims? You bet we do! "

    northern dave wrote on Feb 19, 2009 12:44 PM:

    " and one more note....of course Alaskans have looked at anything hyped under the banner of 'environmentalism' with a wary eye....we've seen first hand the lies and crackpot science that often (but not always) is used to 'justify' it. AGAIN...remember the 'science' that said the pipeline would decimate caribou herds (the population grew) the wolves up here needed to be protected (they were so numerous they became a menace) and that the drilling stations would 'ruin' the tundra (when they leave, the imprint is almost invisible). We live it. We're here. You read about it in NY. Big difference. "

    northern dave wrote on Feb 19, 2009 12:39 PM:

    " Turbines in AK? Funny you should mention that...that just happens to be a prime topic in my neck of the woods right now. I'm actually weighing in on whether or not I do that on my property. But what cracks many of us up is when environmentalists bray about ruining the landscape or destroying nature, but look at covering acres of land with giant windmills as 'environmentally concious'. Every driven through California and seen the miles and miles of windmills as far as the eye can see? Oh yeah, looks GREAT! HA! "

    Spankles wrote on Feb 19, 2009 10:31 AM:

    " northern dave is correct. I knew there was more sane people amongst us. If you go to the Anchorage public boat launch, you can see tons of belugas with tons of calves swimming 100 feet of the end of the spit. They're living the easy life. "

    Uncle Jed to MAXKATT wrote on Feb 19, 2009 10:26 AM:

    " Alaska is not your personal wildlife preserve. we're not all park rangers working in the lower forty eight's widerness park. It's easy for you to worry about the whales when there are living in fancy NY. We have to make a living too. putting animals before people makes Alaskans poor. It reminds me of how Americans tell third world starving people not to eat endangered animals. If my family is hungry, i would eat cook inlet belugas. "

    MAXKATT from NY wrote on Feb 19, 2009 9:32 AM:

    " Apparently, evironmental awareness is something many Alaskan's struggle with in general. Cover of NY Times Biz Section today has story "Turbines on the Tundra" regarding increased investment in wind energy in AK. Sentence that caught my eye, however was "Alaskans once cast a wary eye on anything smacking of environmentalism..." So NorthDave, perhaps your wrongheadness is part of some disoriented group-think going on up there. (No offense to the many AK'ers up there who I'm sure live there because they love the natural world and do their best to look out for it.) "

    Endeavour wrote on Feb 19, 2009 9:21 AM:

    " Attack, attack, attack and then act wounded when somebody dishes it back...sounds like Clintonian politics... "

    northern dave wrote on Feb 18, 2009 10:07 PM:

    " Oh, I'm sorry. Gosh. I forgot the golden rule...only one particular side is allowed to be sharp and condesending. The rules are one way. The one side sets the rules for the other to follow. OK..please, if you're a liberal tree-hugger continue to be sarcastic and snide and we'll apologize for not being silent or groveling.
    If you push...you're just a hypocrite for crying when we push back. Deal with it. "

    Ben C wrote on Feb 18, 2009 6:45 PM:

    " Oh great...another New Yorker, Californian or some other lower-48 know-it-all prattling nonsense based on environmentalist propoganda bunk science. Reminds me of the lower 48 senators that come up here for a 15 minute helicopter ride over some trees and then run home to 'endorse environmental scientist findings based on thier observations.' The only difference is that at least these moron senators spent at least 15 minutes up here, unlike the majority of the flower children that just parrot what they read without ever having spent a minute here. "

    To Obnoxious Dave wrote on Feb 18, 2009 5:54 PM:

    " Is it possible for you to post without resorting to juvenile name calling? How old are you? 12?

    Ok everyone. Time to stop feeding the Dave troll until he grows some manners. "

    to Dolt wrote on Feb 18, 2009 5:51 PM:

    " Just one more earth raping idiot stuck on stupid. "

    northern dave wrote on Feb 18, 2009 3:21 PM:

    " to obnoxious Yorkie;
    Great job staying on topic! Sorry, don't watch that garbage. Having a life is wonderful in that regard. You should try it sometime. "

    MAXKATT from NY wrote on Feb 18, 2009 2:35 PM:

    " Stay on topic Dave. Obviously even us tree huggers understand responsible use of natural resources. Question here is if there are enough Beluga's to continue. 683 is not enough for me to feel comfortable. The number may be somewhat higher, but nothing to that effect has been posted. How was idol? "

    Allen wrote on Feb 18, 2009 9:23 AM:

    " It is unfortunate that Dr. Cronin's thoughtful article didn't provoke an equally thoughtful dialog. Not to be I guess. Anyway, thanks for trying Doc.. "

    northern dave wrote on Feb 18, 2009 7:30 AM:

    " Wow! A perfect example of an eye-rolling nutso tree-hugging wack-job that deals in absolutes! If you use your resources, it MUST mean you're destroying the environment and laying waste to the wildlife, right?! You are truly a radical environmentalist's dream! (and another loony that feels comfortable shouting your uneducated diatribe into an area you know nothing about!) Thanks for proving my point! "

    to Northern Dave wrote on Feb 17, 2009 5:09 PM:

    " Dear Dolt, national treasures are a concern to everyone. Do you think only Californians care about Yosemite and should have full say on what happens there? A lost species is just that, lost forever. You must be a Palin follower, "Drill, baby, drill" and "kill, baby, kill." To heck with the environment and the animals. Money is all that counts. "

    MAXKATT from NY wrote on Feb 17, 2009 10:37 AM:

    " NorthDave- You chose to look at the few examples where there may have been overprotection. I prefer to err on the side of caution. I miss the animals that are lost. My heart soared with reports of a possible Ivory Billed Woodpecker four years ago. Alas it was not to be. Once they's gone...they don't come back. So...excuse me if I press the good Doc to just quote a number. Go get a beer Dave, American Idol is coming on. "

    northern dave wrote on Feb 17, 2009 9:29 AM:

    " 'Yes, Dr. Cronin. Please post your numbers. After all, as a dolt from New York I know everything and am prepared to debate you regarding the science of matters in your own state.' Good lord. Does anybody else remember when these same people stated time and time again how the pipeline was decimating caribou herds until the evidence in the contrary became too overwhelming to continue thier big lie? Or how wolves were protected despite the fact the wolf population here had grown out-of-control and became a threat? "

    MAXKATT from NY wrote on Feb 17, 2009 6:30 AM:

    " He criticizes the science on the whales, but doesn't post a number and say they are at a sustainable level. Even if the beluga's have returned to 1994 numbers (or even slightly higher), I'd question if that's a large enough pop to have the necessary genetic diversity. 600-1,000 of anything is just not a lot. I wonder how much he was paid to contribute this...and by whom???? "

    What wrote on Feb 16, 2009 8:51 PM:

    " So the fact that the polar bears are cannablizing each other is of no concern to you? Also, you site world numbers. Let's focus on Alaska as that is where most of us would like to see polar bears, seeing as how that's where we actually live. Sheesh. "

    MAXKATT from NY wrote on Feb 16, 2009 10:48 AM:

    " Dr. Cronin...how many Beluga's are there? The high number I see is '94's 653. You mention they've increased in the last 6 years, but don't quote a number. Post one please. "

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