Taking the Biblical view of economics

We have come through a one-issue election. It was about jobs. The great assumption was that the greatness of America is about economics. The contest was between an Evangelical Christian and a Mormon Christian, and they showed more respect for Ayn Rand than for the Bible.

The Bible does have an identifiable view of economics. Whether or not we take the point of view seriously is a matter of choice; but for those who give some sort of special authority to the Biblical writings, the viewpoint cannot be ignored. One cannot not say, “I believe the Bible” and lightly dismiss the perspective developed by Israelites in an ancient setting.

The Israelite understanding of economics was developed over a period of nearly 1,000 years. The time spreads from the Israelite escape from Egyptian slavery to the cruel years of slavery in Babylonia. Putting together the story of their development of economic theory is like following the plot as a well-written novel. In its final form it was laid out by a group of Israelite priests in the sixth century BCE.

Priests in ancient Israel were taken seriously. They were not hampered by theories of separation of church and state or keeping religion out of economics and politics. When priests spoke about wealth, property and God, no one would dare tell them to keep their noses out of the public square. They were the public square.

The summary of their economic theories is imbedded in the book of Leviticus in the Old Testament. The essence of Biblical ethics is at times captured in short phrases. Memorize these short phrases and a person has enough guidance for a Godly life. Examples are, “am I my brother’s keeper?” “love mercy, do justice and walk humbly with God” and “love your neighbor as yourself.” Such a controlling and precise statement about economics is found in Leviticus 25:23: “Land shall not be sold in perpetuity, for the land is mine; with me you are but aliens and tenants.”

When we look at the development of the Israelite nation, it is very clear that they were not a capitalist, consumer-oriented society whose first order of business was to spend and use material wealth on themselves and pursue the getting of more so they could spend more lavishly on themselves. Jesus pegged the Israelite tradition correctly when he said the greatest of all commandments was to love God with heart, mind and soul. All ethical behavior and the handling of all wealth were subservient to the command to love God.

Priests developed not-so-simple rules about how the control of land was to be handed down from generation to generation. The Year of Jubilee was meant to be a once every 50 years complete redistribution of land among the Israelites. The system as written in Levitical law was never enacted. I suspect that those who controlled land were a bit reluctant to turn loose of control and turn land over to “lazy” folk who had not taken good care of the family farm. Whether or not the system was ever enacted is not the point. A principle was set. All people were to have access to and use of the resources of the earth. This basic right was to take priority over any person or group to claim private ownership and use of those resources.

One can argue that these standards are from an ancient agrarian economic system that cannot be reasonably applied to modern economics. This is exactly what President Obama and Governor Romney did. They both ignored the Bible witness. The alternative is to probe more deeply into Leviticus 25:23 and ask about the implications of the law. As a Christian who takes the Bible seriously, I am suggesting there are principles that can be found and applied to modern economic practices.

The first principle has already been mentioned, but needs to be restated and is foundational to everything else. The resources for the support of life must be available to and enjoyed by all. To cut off people from basic life needs is immoral. It is an affront to the God who claims ownership of all things. All possessions are gifts from God, and those gifts are not reserved for a select few. A living wage, clean air to breath, quality health care and potable water all become demands from the Almighty.

The second principle is related. I make no suggestion that everyone have exactly the same resources at his/her disposal. However, just as the less fortunate in life must have basic needs met, limitations on accumulation must be put in place. The second principle is that Biblical economics limit the permanent control and ownership of wealth by the few. In a modern economic system, Biblical economics demand that such accumulation and control of wealth be brought to an end through taxation, anti-trust laws or other legislative remedies. Jesus was quite blunt. You cannot serve God and money. The arrogance of today’s super-rich makes the point. Super-rich people are in big trouble with God.

The third principle raises the question “who is to benefit?” In the Biblical economic system and ethic, the highest concern is focused on right where people live. Economics must serve the smaller of our social units. A social unit may be understood as a family, a clan, a neighborhood or a community. The point of Biblical economics is that the concerns of God will never be found on Wall Street or in the corporate suites of Bank of America.

The Bible does indeed present an economic system with underlying principles. They are pounding at our door. We ignore them at our peril.

The Rev. Howard Bess is a retired American Baptist minister, who lives in Palmer. His email address is hdbss@mtaonline.net.

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